Inference Questions on SAT Reading and Writing: 6 Strategies

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Inference questions appear frequently on the SAT Reading and Writing section. Answering inference questions correctly requires the ability to take information given in the text and then draw logical, supported conclusions from it.

What are the different kinds of inference questions asked on the SAT Reading and Writing Section, and how should you go about answering them? I've got the answers for you in this article.

feature image credit: Fellow citizens of Massachusetts! by Boston Public Library, used under CC BY 2.0/Cropped from original.

 

What Are Inference Questions?

Inference questions ask you to draw a conclusion based on information implied or suggested in a passage or passages. The ideas being asked about are not directly stated in the text, so you’ll have to use context clues from the text to complete it with the most logical conclusion. 

 

 

The digital SAT takes a more straightforward approach to wording Reading and Writing questions and answers than the old SAT. Because of this, there are only two ways that Inference questions are worded on the digital SAT: 

  • “Which choice most logically completes the text?”
  • “Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the underlined claim in Text 1?” 

That’s it! If you run into questions that use this wording, you’ll know you’re dealing with inference questions!

Correct answers to inference questions will draw a conclusion based on ideas that are indicated in the text provided. Incorrect answers will either contradict information provided in the text or draw conclusions based on evidence that isn’t provided in the passage. 

Of course, the best way to get a handle on inference questions is to look at examples from official digital SAT practice exams. Keep reading for three sample inference questions…and how to answer them!

 

Inference Questions: 3 Examples

Inference questions ask you to fill in missing information. Let's go through some examples.

Example 1: 

Euphorbia esula (leafy spurge) is a Eurasian plant that has become invasive in North America, where it displaces native vegetation and sickens cattle. E. esula can be controlled with chemical herbicides, but that approach can also kill harmless plants nearby. Recent research on introducing engineered DNA into plant species to inhibit their reproduction may offer a path toward exclusively targeting E. esula, consequently ______.

Which choice most logically completes the text? 

A. making individual E. esula plants more susceptible to existing chemical herbicides.
B. enhancing the ecological benefits of E. esula in North America.
C. enabling cattle to consume E. esula without becoming sick.
D. reducing invasive E. esula numbers without harming other organisms

 

The correct answer is D.

Explanation:

If recent research offers a new approach to controlling E. esula that doesn’t kill other plants, we can use it to stop the spread of E. esula without killing other plants. The last sentence suggests that this new approach stops E. esula from reproducing, not that the new approach makes E. esula more vulnerable to existing chemical herbicides. That eliminates choice A. The last sentence mentions nothing about this new approach enhancing the ecological benefits of E. esula. That eliminates choice B. The last sentence mentions nothing about the new approach making E. esula digestible for cattle. That eliminates choice C. The last sentence does state that using this new approach will stop E. esula without harming other plants, so the correct answer is D. 


Let’s look at another sample inference question. Keep in mind that the question is worded exactly the same way as the previous one!

Example 3

Text 1

When companies in the same industry propose merging with one another, they often claim that the merger will benefit consumers by increasing efficiency and therefore lowering prices. Economist Ying Fan investigated this notion in the context of the United States newspaper market. She modeled a hypothetical merger of Minneapolis-area newspapers and found that subscription prices would rise following a merger.

Text 2

Economists Dario Focarelli and Fabio Panetta have argued that research on the effect of mergers on prices has focused excessively on short-term effects, which tend to be adverse for consumers. Using the case of consumer banking in Italy, they show that over the long term (several years, in their study), the efficiency gains realized by merged companies do result in economic benefits for consumers.

Based on the texts, how would Focarelli and Panetta (Text 2) most likely respond to Fan’s findings (Text 1)?

A. They would argue that over the long term the expenses incurred by the merged newspaper company will also increase.
B. They would recommend that Fan compare the near-term effect of a merger on subscription prices in the Minneapolis area with the effect of a merger in another newspaper market.
C. They would encourage Fan to investigate whether the projected effect on subscription prices persists over an extended period.
D. They would claim that mergers have a different effect on consumer prices in the newspaper industry than in most other industries.


The correct answer is B. 

Explanation: 

The last sentence of the text provided asks us to assume that artifacts from the 13th century CE were recovered at the site of the settlement of Kuula Kataa and that the settlement was founded at the 14th century. If both of these statements from the text are true, then it’s most likely correct that “the artifacts originated elsewhere and eventually reached Kuloo Kataa through trade or migration.” That means answer choice B is correct. There is nothing in the text that supports the idea that 14th century artifacts are more commonly recovered than 13th century artifacts, so choice A is incorrect. There is nothing in the text that suggests that Kuulo Kataa was founded by people from a different region than had previously been assumed, so choice C is incorrect. There is nothing in the text that suggests that excavations may have damaged artifacts recovered at Kuulo Kataa, so choice D is incorrect. By process of elimination and based on information that is implied in the text, choice B can be the only correct answer. 

 

Example 2

If some artifacts recovered from excavations of the settlement of Kuulo Kataa, in modern Ghana, date from the thirteenth century CE, that may lend credence to claims that the settlement was founded before or around that time. There is other evidence, however, strongly supporting a fourteenth century CE founding date for Kuulo Kataa. If both the artifact dates and the fourteenth century CE founding date are correct, that would imply that ______.

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. artifacts from the fourteenth century CE are more commonly recovered than are artifacts from the thirteenth century CE.
B. the artifacts originated elsewhere and eventually reached Kuulo Kataa through trade or migration.
C. Kuulo Kataa was founded by people from a different region than had previously been assumed.
D. excavations at Kuulo Kataa may have inadvertently damaged some artifacts dating to the fourteenth century CE.


The correct answer is B. 

Explanation: 

The last sentence of the text provided asks us to assume that artifacts from the 13th century CE were recovered at the site of the settlement of Kuula Kataa and that the settlement was founded at the 14th century. If both of these statements from the text are true, then it’s most likely correct that “the artifacts originated elsewhere and eventually reached Kuloo Kataa through trade or migration.” That means answer choice B is correct. There is nothing in the text that supports the idea that 14th century artifacts are more commonly recovered than 13th century artifacts, so choice A is incorrect. There is nothing in the text that suggests that Kuulo Kataa was founded by people from a different region than had previously been assumed, so choice C is incorrect. There is nothing in the text that suggests that excavations may have damaged artifacts recovered at Kuulo Kataa, so choice D is incorrect. By process of elimination and based on information that is implied in the text, choice B can be the only correct answer. 

 

 

 

 

Type 2: Speculation

These inference questions ask you to speculate about the meaning (or "suggested" meaning) of a statement, description, or something else in the passage. In some ways, these are similar to function questions, but the answers the SAT is looking for are very different. Take this question:

In the passage, Akira addresses Chie with

If this were a function question, the answer choices would be generic, like “a continuation of an extended comparison” or “an unexpected answer to a question.”

Since this is an inference question, the answer choices are more specific, along the lines of “affection but not genuine love” or “amusement but not mocking disparagement.”

Some examples of how this sort of inference question is asked:

  • It can reasonably be inferred that “the strong-minded” (line 32) was a term generally intended to
  • In line 42, the authors state that a certain hypothesis “can best be tested by a trial.” Based on the passage, which of the following is a hypothesis the authors suggest be tested in a trial?
  • The phrase “liquid gold” (line 71) most directly suggests that
  • What does the author suggest about the transgenic studies done in the 1980s and 1990s?

 

Type 3: Examination

Inference questions which fall into the examination subcategory question you about the internal life (thoughts, feelings, motivations) of the narrator, author, or someone mentioned in the passage. They can mostly be summed up as asking "What would [this person] think about [that thing]?" Examination questions are the most complicated type of inference questions, because they ask you to get into the head of the author/narrator/character/other person mentioned in the text. You will often see these sorts of questions on paired passages.

Fortunately, it is pretty easy to identify examination inference questions, since they do tend to fall into "what does X think about Y" format. See below for some examples:

  • The “social psychologists” mentioned in paragraph 2 (lines 17-34) would likely describe the “deadweight loss” phenomenon as
  • The passage indicates that when the narrator began working for Edward Crimsworth, he viewed Crimsworth as a
  • It can be inferred that the authors of Passage 1 believe that running a household and raising children
  • It can most reasonably be inferred from Passage 2 that Paine views historical precedents as
  • Beecher would most likely have reacted to lines 65-68 (“Now . . . woman”) of Passage 2 with

 

 

 

6 Superior Strategies for Attacking Inference Questions

So how do you attack inference questions? Is there any way other than just reading the entire passage? (Answer to the first question: hold on one moment. Answer to that second question: yes, for sure)

I've compiled for you a bunch of different strategies for attacking inference questions. Some of these strategies work better if you read the passage a certain way (for instance, looking for context may not be as necessary for students who read the passage all the way through), but much of the advice is useful no matter what your method of reading the passage.

 

Strategy 1: Understand What The Question Is Really Asking

Understanding what an inference question is actually asking can be hard to wrap your head around, particularly when they ask about multiple passages. Questions are often wordy and seem to require a lot of information before you can even begin to answer them. For instance:

The author of Passage 2 would most likely respond to the discussion of the future of space mining in lines 18-28, Passage 1, by claiming that such a future

A) is inconsistent with the sustainable use of space resources.
B) will be difficult to bring about in the absence of regulations.
C) cannot be attained without technologies that do not yet exist.
D) seems certain to affect Earth’s economy in a negative way.

This question requires you to find information about the future of space mining in Passage 1 and then put yourself in the shoes of the author of Passage 2 and figure out what that author would think about the topic …ugh.

 

body_brainhurt.jpgAches and pains by Quinn Dombrowski, used under CC BY-SA 2.0/Cropped from original.

 

How do you answer this kind of question without causing your brain to hurt too much? You break it down, piece by piece, into a question that is answerable.

For the example above, you have to start by figuring out what the future of spacing mining says in Passage 1. How? Look at the sentence(s) referenced in the question (sometimes the quoted word may actually refer to something in another sentence, but I’ll go into that later). In this case, the author of Passage 1 claims that not only will space miners might "[meet] earthly demands for precious metals...and the rare earth elements," "enrich themselves," but they will also "build an off-planet economy free of any bonds with Earth." Now all you have to do find specific places in Passage 2 where the author talks about the implications of space miners meeting demand for elements rare or valuable on earth (vaguely referenced in lines 48 and 51), getting rich themselves (specifically mentioned in lines 57-66), or creating an off-world economy (mentioned in lines 73-78).

As you can see, figuring out what an inference question is asking can get you most of the way to figuring out what the answer is. Let's look at the example from above again, keeping the three topics discussed in lines 18-28 in mind.

The author of Passage 2 would most likely respond to the discussion of the future of space mining in lines 18-28, Passage 1, by claiming that such a future

A) is inconsistent with the sustainable use of space resources.
B) will be difficult to bring about in the absence of regulations.
C) cannot be attained without technologies that do not yet exist.
D) seems certain to affect Earth’s economy in a negative way.

To find the answer to this question, use the process of elimination on the answer choices. Do any of the parts of Passage 2 that address the claims in lines 18-28 of Passage 1 support the choices?

Choices C) and D) can be eliminated immediately because Passage 2 does not make either of these claims at all, which leaves you with a choice between choices A) and B). While the authors of Passage 2 posit that "Others will suggest glutting ourselves on space’s riches is not an acceptable alternative to developing more sustainable ways of earthly life," they do not make any claims about the sustainable use of space resources, which means that choice A) is wrong.

By contrast, after mentioning that "the relevant legal and regulatory framework" for space mining "is fragmentary, to put it mildly" in lines 73-78, the author of passage 2 concludes that “…miners have much to gain from a broad agreement on the for-profit exploitation of space. Without consensus, claims will be disputed, investments risky, and the gains made insecure.” This directly discusses regulation of space mining and how it would be difficult to move forward with space mining in the absence of regulation, making the correct answer to this question choice B).

 

Strategy 2: Look For Context

SAT Reading may lull you into a sense of false security, because line numbers are given in a question (so you clearly don't have to look elsewhere). WRONG! The lines present in the question (particularly when it is an inference question) are not necessarily the only lines you’ll need to answer the question - often, more context is needed.

If you're having trouble with an inference question because the lines cited aren't enough, the best strategy is to look at the sentences before and after the phrase/sentence/lines you’re given in the question. Sometimes even that isn't enough, and you'll need to know the main point of the passage or the perspective of the author in order to properly answer an inference question. Don't panic if this is the case - if you're struggling to answer the question, mark it in your test booklet and come back to it after you’ve answered other relevant questions (like questions about the paragraph/section the lines in question are in, or even questions about the whole passage).

 

Strategy 3: Answer In Your Own Words

For me, this strategy is the key to answering inference questions correctly. If I don't come up with the answer in my own words before I look at the answer choices, I get tripped up by answer choices that include irrelevant information (because I search for ways to prove that they are true) - this is a waste of time and an easy way to get confused.

Your answer for "Based on the passages, Lincoln would most likely describe the behavior that Thoreau recommends in lines 64-66 (“if it . . . law”) as" will probably not be as prettily worded as the actual answer choices, but because your answer should include only relevant and accurate information, matching it to the correct answer should be easier. The College Board knows that you've been trained (via high school English classes) to see as many different points of view as possible and is banking on you getting bogged down in wrong answers that are interpretations that “seem like they could be true.”

Don't be fooled: there is only one right answer on the SAT, and if you start with the right answer in your own words, it’s a lot easier to choose the right answer in THEIR words. But how do you figure out what a phrase, line, or sentence means/suggests/indicates, or what its implications are?

 

Strategy 4: Nail Down Other SAT Reading Skills

The skills you need to answer inference questions build on other SAT Reading skills. Take this question:

The author's attitude toward pharming is best described as one of

A) apprehension.
B) ambivalence.
C) appreciation.
D) astonishment

 

In order to answer this question sucessfully, you need all of the following skills:

  • Vocab in Context – you need to be able to sum up an attitude in a single word
  • Little Picture – you need to figure out what pharming is and when it's discussed in the passage
  • Big Picture – you need to be able to scan the passage to get a sense of the attitude of the author
  • If all else fails, you  can use author technique skills to figure out the general tone of the passage (is it positive or negative towards pharming? Which answers are positive and which are negative?)
  • Pulling all of these skills together allows you to successfully answer an examination inference question that asks you "How does the author of the passage feel about pharming?"

 

body_nailedit.jpgNail by Craig Dugas, used under CC BY-SA 2.0.

Nail down those SAT Reading skills better than some person nailed down that...nail.

 

Strategy 5: Answer Questions In The Order That Works For You

What order this is will depend on the way you read the passage.

If you read the passage all the way through, then look at the questions, I'd recommend starting with big picture questions and then going to inference (and function) questions. That way, you can answer questions about larger amount of text while it's still fresh in your mind, and you might get some useful information that'll help you with inference questions. It's also possible that just answering questions in order of appearance might work best if you read quickly enough to get through the passage and have plenty of time to answer the questions, because you'll be less likely to accidentally skip a question or fill in the wrong answer bubble.


If you start by reading through all the questions, then jumping back to the passage(s), start with little picture and vocab in context questions (which themselves can require some degree of inference, if you don't know the word being asked about and need to rely on context clues) to get more information about the author and topic being covered, then move on to inference questions. If it turns out you need big picture information to answer a particular inference question, mark it on your test booklet and come back to it later.

If you skim the passage and then tackle questions, it's better to answer both big and little picture questions before you start in on the inference questions. Even if the phrases/sentences/lines mentioned in an inference question are in introduction or conclusion sentences (or paragraphs), chances are that more context will be needed than you picked up on your initial skim. Leave inference questions until after you've answered the questions that are easiest to answer after skimming a passage - big picture questions (because they ask about a large amount of text) and little picture questions (because you will have a good idea of where in the passage details might be located).

 

Strategy 6: Eliminate Answers

As you may or may not already know, the fundamental rule for SAT Reading is that you must eliminate 3 wrong answers. For inference questions, this can be difficult, because even if you answer the question in your own words correctly, the inference you make may not what they’re looking for.

How do you figure out if an answer can be eliminated? After all, you have to go through the text and then match it with these weird answers that have all these different components. That last part, however, actually makes going throught the answer choices to inference questions easier, because if any part of the answer choice does not match with the passage, then you can eliminate that answer choice. Take this examination question, for instance:

Based on the passages, both authors would agree with which of the following claims?

A) Women have moral duties and responsibilities.
B) Men often work selflessly for political change.
C) The ethical obligations of women are often undervalued.
D) Political activism is as important for women as it is for men.

The correct answer must be completely correct. So even the author of Passage 2 would agree that political activism is just as important for women as it is for men, as per answer choice (D), if the author of Passage 1 would not also agree with it then you must eliminate it.

For this question, the correct answer, (A), passes this test: the author of both passages would agree that women have moral duties and responsibilities.

 

Inference Questions: A Walkthrough

To finish up (and before you get to practice inference questions), I’ll do an in-depth walkthrough with you of a particularly nasty inference question. On the actual SAT, you won't need nearly as much explanation to justify the correct answer - I just wanted to make sure my reasoning was clear.

Which reaction does Akira most fear from Chie?

A) She will consider his proposal inappropriate.
B) She will mistake his earnestness for immaturity.
C) She will consider his unscheduled visit an imposition.
D) She will underestimate the sincerity of his emotions.

 

Because the question is asking what reaction Akira most fears from Chie, I’ll need to focus on the parts of the passage that are from Akira’s point of view or talk about what he is concerned about only. The question isn’t asking what any other character thinks Akira fears, just what Akira fears, so the evidence should come from him.

Here’s the two sections of the passage that are from Akira's point of view or involve him expressing things he cares about:

“Madame,” said Akira, “forgive my disruption, but I come with a matter of urgency.”

His voice was soft, refined. He straightened and stole a deferential peek at her face.

In the dim light his eyes shone with sincerity. Chie felt herself starting to like him.

“Come inside, get out of this nasty night. Surely your business can wait for a moment or two.”

“I don’t want to trouble you. Normally I would approach you more properly but I’ve received word of a position. I’ve an opportunity to go to America, as dentist for Seattle’s Japanese community.”
(Lines 31-42)


Akira blushed.

“Depending on your response, I may stay in Japan. I’ve come to ask for Naomi’s hand.”

Suddenly Chie felt the dampness of the night.

“Does Naomi know anything of your . . .ambitions?”

“We have an understanding. Please don’t judge my candidacy by the unseemliness of this proposal. I ask directly because the use of a go-between takes much time. Either method comes down to the same thing: a matter of parental approval. If you give your consent, I become Naomi’s yoshi.* We’ll live in the House of Fuji. Without your consent, I must go to America, to secure a new home for my bride.”

Eager to make his point, he’d been looking her full in the face. Abruptly, his voice turned gentle. “I see I’ve startled you. My humble apologies. I’ll take no more of your evening. My address is on my card. If you don’t wish to contact me, I’ll reapproach you in two weeks’ time. Until then, good night.”

He bowed and left. Taking her ease, with effortless grace, like a cat making off with a fish.

*a man who marries a woman of higher status and takes her family’s name
(Lines 57-78)
My thinking:
At first glance, Akira appears to be afraid of a few things (in order of appearance in the passage):
  1. worried he’s interrupting (line 31, “forgive my disruption”)
  2. doesn’t want to trouble because of his improper method of approaching (lines 39-40, “I don't want to trouble you. Normally I would approach you more properly”)
  3. concerned he might be turned down because of the way he approached (lines 63-64, “Please don’t judge my candidacy by the unseemliness of this approval”)
On the face of it, these are all possible answers (although the question asks what he most fears, so eventually I’ll have to narrow it down a little). But are there any answer choices that can be eliminated right away?

A) She will consider his proposal inappropriate.

That matches up with the third thing Akira is worried about, so we definitely can’t eliminate that.

B) She will mistake his earnestness for immaturity.

That doesn’t match with any of the three things Akira is worried about, so it seems unlikely. This is a sneaky answer choice, though, because in a section of the passage we learn that Chie does think he’s immature (“That’s how she viewed him, as a child”). But there’s no evidence that Akira is worried about this, so it can’t be the correct answer and thus can be eliminated.
C) She will consider his unscheduled visit an imposition.

This matches up with the second thing on the list above, so it shouldn’t be eliminated yet.

D) She will underestimate the sincerity of his emotions.

That doesn’t match with any of the reasons Akira is worried. It does seem like a logical thing for Akira to worry about, but to make that inference is too big a leap, particularly when there are two other choices that are supported by the passage. Plus, the only thing the passage does state about Akira’s sincerity is “In the dim light his eyes shone with sincerity. Chie felt herself starting to like him.”, which if anything would imply that Chie knows Akira is sincere. Eliminate it!

So now I’m down to two answer choices:

A) She will consider his proposal inappropriate.

and

C) She will consider his unscheduled visit an imposition.

Since the remaining answer choices are both things that Akira fears from Chie, the next step is to figure out which one Akira most fears. There can only be one right answer to an SAT question, so the correct answer has to be clearly more fear-inducing. One of the reasons this question is so tricky is that figuring out which scenario Akira fears the most requires other SAT Reading skills like finding the detail and understanding the big picture.

Here's more of my thinking as I reasoned through the rest of this question:

The whole reason Akira approaches Chie in the first place is about the proposal, and the first words out of his mouth have to do with it (“forgive my disruption, but I come with a matter of urgency”). This detail isn’t the only evidence that suggests Akira is more worried about his proposal than about his visit being an imposition, which would suggest answer choice A). The bulk of the supporting evidence for the answer to this question, though, requires big picture skills.

The main reason Akira visits the house is to tell Chie he wants to marry her daughter. While
C) She will consider his unscheduled visit an imposition. is something that Akira fears, it is only a smaller subset of Akira’s fear about the inappropriate nature of his proposal. In fact, the only reason Akira worries about his visit being seen as an imposition is because he worries it might make Chie see his proposal as inappropriate.

So in this case, the thing that Akira most fears (and the correct answer) is
A) She will consider his proposal inappropriate.

 

body_cockapoo.jpgCan we go for a walk? by Kathleen Tyler Conklin, used under CC BY 2.0/Cropped from original.

Your reward for completing that arduous question is this picture of an adorable dog. Enjoy!

 

Inference Questions: Practice Time!

I've included three medium-level official practice questions for you to...practice...with. Unfortunately, the most complicated inference questions required too much text to copy and paste, so you will just have to hunt those down on your own (perhaps via our complete list of official SAT practice tests?).

This passage is adapted from MacDonald Harris, The Balloonist. ©2011 by The Estate of Donald Heiney. During the summer of 1897, the narrator of this story, a fictional Swedish scientist, has set out for the North Pole in a hydrogen-powered balloon.

 

 

1. Over the course of the passage, the narrator’s attitude shifts from

A) fear about the expedition to excitement about it.
B) doubt about his abilities to confidence in them.
C) uncertainty of his motives to recognition of them.
D) disdain for the North Pole to appreciation of it.

 

2. Which choice best describes the narrator’s view of his expedition to the North Pole?

A) Immoral but inevitable
B) Absurd but necessary
C) Socially beneficial but misunderstood
D) Scientifically important but hazardous

 

3. The question the narrator asks in lines 30-31 (“Will it . . . railway”) most nearly implies that

A) balloons will never replace other modes of transportation.
B) the North Pole is farther away than the cities usually reached by train.
C) people often travel from one city to another without considering the implications.
D) reaching the North Pole has no foreseeable benefit to humanity.

 

 

Answer key (scroll down when ready):

 

1. C 2. B 3. D

 

 

In Conclusion

  • Inference questions ask you to deduce, speculate, and examine based on evidence directly stated in the text.
  • In order to successfully answer inference questions, you must make sure you understand the question
  • Look for context to help if the lines/words mentioned in the question aren't enough
  • Answer the question in your own words before looking at the SAT’s answer choices
  • Nail down other SAT Reading skills to help you with inference questions
  • Answer questions in an order that makes sense and is not confusing/disorienting
  • Eliminate three wrong answers

 

What’s Next?

Did you find this SAT Reading skill-focused article useful? You're in luck - we have a whole series of SAT Reading skills articles! You can find them all collected here in our ultimate guide to SAT Reading, or you can jump to specific articles on main point, little picture, function, vocab in context, author technique, analogy, and paired passage questions

Feeling overwhelmed and not sure what the best way to practice SAT Reading is? Find out how to read the passage and how to attack paired passages.

Worried about running out of time on SAT Reading? You’re not alone. Read more about how to avoid getting caught in a Reading time crunch here.

Do you find that breaking down questions by skill type and drilling them really works for you? Consider the PrepScholar platform to help you with your SAT test prep!

 

 



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About the Author
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Laura Staffaroni

Laura graduated magna cum laude from Wellesley College with a BA in Music and Psychology, and earned a Master's degree in Composition from the Longy School of Music of Bard College. She scored 99 percentile scores on the SAT and GRE and loves advising students on how to excel in high school.



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